{p.175}

CHAPTER XII.
OPERATIONS IN KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE.
July 1-November 19, 1861.
–––
REPORTS, ETC.

SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS.*

July	1, 1861.–	Orders issued for raising U. S. troops in Kentucky and Tennessee.
	13, 1861.–	Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk, C. S. Army, assumes command of Department No. 2.
	26, 1861.–	Brig. Gen. F. K. Zollicoffer, C. S. Army, assigned to command in East Tennessee.
	31, 1861.–	The Army of the State of Tennessee transferred to the Confederacy
Aug.	15, 1861.–	The States of Kentucky and Tennessee constituted the Department of the Cumberland, under command of Brig. Gen. Robert Anderson, U. S. Army.
	22, 1861.–	Capture of steamers W. B. Terry and Samuel Orr, at Paducah, Ky.
Sept.	2, 1861.–	Major-General Polk’s command extended over Arkansas and Missouri.
	3-12, 1861.–	Advance of Confederate forces into Kentucky; occupation of Columbus &c.
	6, 1861.–	Paducah, Ky., occupied by Union forces. Brig. Gen. Charles F. Smith, U. S. Army, assigned to command in Western Kentucky.
	10, 1861.–	Brig. Gamin. George H. Thomas, U. S. Army, assigned to command at Camp Dick Robinson, Eastern Kentucky.
	15, 1861.–	General Albert S. Johnston, C. S. Army, supersedes Major-General Polk in command of Department No. 2.
	18, 1861.–	Bowling Green, Ky., occupied by Confederate forces. Brig. Gen. Simon B. Buckner, C. S. Army, assumes command of the Central Division of Kentucky.
	19, 1861.–	Action at Barboursville, Ky. Department of the Ohio reorganized.
	21, 1861.–	General Johnston calls upon Tennessee for 30,000 men. Brig. Gen. O. M. Mitchel, U. S. Army, assumes command of the Department of the Ohio. Major-General Polk assigned to command of First (or Western) Division, Department No. 2.
	21-22, 1861.–	Reconnaissance toward Columbus and skirmish on Mayfield Creek, Kentucky.
	22, 1861.–	Arkansas and Mississippi called upon for 10,000 men each, for service in Department No. 2. {p.176}
	23, 1861.–	Affair at Albany, Ky.
	26, 1861.–	Destruction of lock at the month of Muddy River, Kentucky.
	26-30, 1861.–	Expedition from Cumberland Ford, including skirmish in Laurel County, &c., Kentucky.
	29, 1861.–	Affairs at Albany, Ky., and Travisville, Tenn. Skirmish at Hopkinsville, Ky.
Oct.	8, 1861.–	Brig. Gen. William T. Sherman, U. S. Army, supersedes Brigadier-General Anderson in command of the Department of the Cumberland.
	10, 1861.–	Brig. Gen. O. M. Mitchel, U. S. Army, ordered to organize an expedition into East Tennessee.
	12, 1861.–	Skirmish near Upton’s Hill, Ky.
	18, 1861.–	Skirmish near Rockcastle Hills, Ky.
	21, 1861.–	Action at Rockcastle Hills, or Camp Wildcat, Ky.
	23, 1861.–	Skirmish near Hodgensville, Ky. Skirmish at West Liberty, Ky.
	24, 1861.–	Attack on Camp Joe Underwood, Ky.
	26, 1861.–	Expedition to Eddyville and skirmish at Saratoga, Ky.
	28, 1861.–	Skirmish at Laurel Bridge. Laurel County, Kentucky. General Johnston assumes immediate command of the Army Corps of Central Kentucky.
	29, 1861.–	Skirmishes at and near Woodbury, Ky.
	31, 1861.–	Skirmish near Morgantown, Ky.
Nov.	1, 1861.–	Brig. Gen. Humphrey Marshall, C. S. Army, ordered to Eastern Kentucky.
	7, 1861.–	Demonstration from Paducah upon Columbus, Ky.**
	8-9, 1861.–	Engagement at Ivy Mountain and skirmish at Piketon, Ky.
	8-18, 1861.–	Revolt of Unionists in East Tennessee.
	9, 1861.–	Department of the Ohio reorganized so as to embrace Kentucky and Tennessee.
	11, 1861.–	Maj. Gen. George B. Crittenden, C. S. Army, assigned to command of the District of Cumberland Gap.
	15, 1861.–	Brig. Gen. Don Carlos Bud], U. S. Army, assumes command of the Department of the Ohio.
	19, 1861.–	General Johnston calls upon Tennessee for all the militia and volunteer force that can be armed.

* Of some of the skirmishes and other minor conflicts noted in this “Summary” no circumstantial reports are on file, the only official record of such events being references thereto on muster rolls and returns.

On the 6th of May, 1861, the legislature of Tennessee passed an act of secession, subject to a vote of the people en June 8 following-and on the 7th of May, 1861, it ratified a military league, offensive and defensive, between the State and the Confederate States. (See Vol. I, Series IV.)

** See p. 299, Vol. III of this series.

AUGUST 22, 1861.–Capture of the steamers W. B. Terry and Samuel Orr, at Paducah, Ky.

REPORTS.

No. 1.–	Maj. Gen. J. C. Frémont U. S. Army, commanding Western Department.
No. 2.–	Col. Richard J. Oglesby, Eighth Illinois Infantry, commanding at Cairo, Ill.
No. 3.–	Commander R. N. Stembel, U. S. Navy.

No. 1.

Report of Maj. Gen. J. C. Frémont, U. S. Army, commanding Western Department.

HEADQUARTERS WESTERN DEPARTMENT, Saint Louis, August 25, 1861.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith communications to my headquarters from Col. R. J. Oglesby, Eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, {p.177} commanding at Cairo, Ill., reporting the circumstances of the capture of the steamer W. B. Terry, on the Ohio River, at Paducah, by the U. S. gunboat Lexington, and a statement by the officers of the mail steamboat Samuel Orr, running between Evansville and Paducah, in reference to her capture in reprisal for the above by a Paducah mob.

Events have thus transpired clearly indicating the complicity of citizens of Kentucky with the rebel forces, and showing the impracticability of carrying on operations in that direction without involving the Kentucky shore.

Colonel Oglesby has telegraphed to me this morning that he is to receive to-morrow a deputation from the governor of Kentucky, and he has furnished them a safeguard.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. C. FRÉMONT, Major-General, Commanding.

Brig. Gen. L. THOMAS, Adjutant-General of the Army, Washington, D. C.

–––

No. 2.

Report of Col. Richard J. Oglesby, Eighth Illinois Infantry, commanding at Cairo, Ill.

BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS, CAMP DEFIANCE, Cairo, Ill., August 23, 1861.

SIR: In the affair of the little steamer W. B. Terry, taken by Captain Stembel, of gunboat Lexington, yesterday morning, at Paducah, Ky., I had indisputable proof, which an examination of her papers found on board confirms, that she was running in the employment of the Confederate States. Without hesitating upon the neutrality of Kentucky, I ordered her capture. She turns out to be of no great value, say, vessel and furniture, $3,000. To the Confederates three times that sum will not compensate the loss. I have had her valued by a commission of my own appointment, and the papers filed at these headquarters. I am at a loss what further to do with her legally. Of course I shall use her, if necessary to do so.

Of course Paducah was in confusion, and his excellency the governor may become indignant. The result is, that yesterday the crew of the Terry, led by the captain and a few citizens, seized the steamer Samuel Orr, from Evansville, the private property of private citizens of Indiana-a retaliation more vindictive than sensible, as they thus destroy the last means of illicit trade with the border States north of the Ohio. Nevertheless, they have the boat and cargo, worth, say, $25,000. I would like to go up the Tennessee River and make the reprisal. I send herewith a copy of the statement of the captain and officers of the Samuel Orr, and also transmit copy of report [No. 3] of Capt. R. N. Stembel, commanding gunboat Lexington.

Hoping my action may meet your approval, I am, most respectfully, yours,

P. J. OGLESBY, Colonel, Commanding forces at Cairo.

Maj. Gen. JOHN C. FRÉMONT, Comdg. Dep’t of the West, Saint Louis, Mo. {p.178}

[Inclosure.]

CAIRO, ILL., August 23, 1861.

The steamboat Samuel Orr, running as the regular mail-boat from Evansville to Paducah, was, on the 22d of August, 1861, forcibly taken by a mob at Paducah, Ky., from the crew in command, and taken up the Tennessee River. The boat was new, and worth $15,000. It had on board a miscellaneous cargo, worth about $10,000. The principal owners are citizens of Evansville and the actors in the seizure were Captain Johnson, late commander of the steamboat W. B. Terry, White Fowler, A. M. Winston, and about 40 or 50 other persons, we believe all citizens of Paducah. Several shots were fired by the assailants, wounding two persons.

We were all of us hurriedly driven from the boat, without allowing us (except in one or two instances) the privilege of bringing away our clothing or baggage.

It is but justice to say that some of the leading citizens of the town were loud in their condemnations of this act, but no measures were taken, as far as we know, to prevent it.

Respectfully,

W. H. McCLURG, Captain. THOMAS DE SOUCHET Clerk. W. H. LONGNECKER, Clerk. F. F. DE SOUCHET, Clerk. A. J. DUNCAN, Esq. ROBERT REDDEN, Esq.

–––

No. 3.

Report of Commander R. N. Stembel, U. S. Nary.

U. S. GUNBOAT LEXINGTON, Cairo, August 22, 1861.

COLONEL: Agreeably to your verbal order, communicated to me at midnight of the 21st instant, I got under way, and proceeded to Paducah, Ky., where I arrived at 7.03 a. m. The gentleman you placed on board to designate the steamer employed in the rebel trade and carrying their flag pointed out the W. B. Terry as being the vessel thus illegally engaged. I ran alongside of her, cut her out, made her fast to the Lexington, and immediately returned to this anchorage and placed her in your possession. I was not opposed in the performance of this duty by either the citizens of Paducah or the officers and crew of the Terry, for the latter, evidently suspecting my object, left the boat hastily, with such articles of clothing as were at hand. I was therefore unsuccessful in capturing any of them.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

R. N. STEMBEL, Commander, U. S. Navy.

Colonel OGLESBY, Commander Military Post, Cairo, Ill.

{p.179}

SEPTEMBER 3-12, 1861.–Advance of Confederate Forces into Kentucky; occupation of Columbus, &c.

REPORTS, ETC.

No. 1.–	Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk, C. S. Army, of the occupation of Columbus and Hickman, Ky., September 3, with correspondence and orders.
No. 2.–	Miscellaneous reports, correspondence, and orders relating to occupation of Columbus and Hickman, and Zollicoffer’s advance into Eastern Kentucky.

No. 1.

Report of Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk, C. S. Army, of the occupation of Columbus and Hickman, Ky., September 3, with correspondence and orders.

COLUMBUS, KY., September 11, 1861.

I have the honor to inclose to you, by the messenger who takes this, the copies of all the correspondence that has taken place between myself and other official persons in regard to the occupation of Columbus, including the dispatches to and from yourself, my dispatch to the Secretary of War in reply to his alone excepted. This has been misplaced, and I have not as yet been able to find it. It will no doubt be found in the War Office.* I have thought it well to have copies of all these papers prepared in the order of their dates for file in the Department, for future reference, as well as to place you in possession of all I have done in the exercise of the discretion with which you intrusted me.

Hoping the measure I have taken may meet the approbation of my Government, I have the honor to be, respectfully, your obedient servant,

L. POLK Major-General, Commanding.

His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS, President C. S. A.

* No inclosures found with this report, but the papers following, marked as inclosures A to M, are undoubtedly some of the papers referred to. The reply to Walker’s dispatch of September 5 not found.

[Inclosure A.]

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT No. 2, Memphis, Tenn., September 1, 1861.

His Excellency Governor MAGOFFIN, Frankfort, Ky.:

I think it of the greatest importance that I should be well informed of the future plans and policy of the Southern party in Kentucky, so as to shape my own plans accordingly, and I have thought it proper to send the bearer, Dr. Fowlks, to Frankfort for conference with you in relation to your policy. The fullest information is desirable, and should be given as early as practicable. I have stated to Dr. Fowlks my wishes and designs and the difficulties that lie in my way, and I think it of the greatest consequence to the Southern cause in Kentucky or elsewhere that I should be ahead of the enemy in occupying Columbus and Paducah.

Respectfully, your obedient servant,

L. POLK.

{p.180}

[Inclosure B.]

COLUMBUS, KY., September 3, 1861.

General POLK:

Between 1,500 and 2,000; loaded wagons; horses and artillery, light caliber; no fortifications yet; one of the steamers gone up river.

Two gunboats here yet and the Grampus. They sunk the ferry-boat this morning.

The troops are camped in woods opposite here.

HARRIS.

P. S.-The gunboats are shifting position; may have more soon.

[Inclosure C.]

HICKMAN, September 3, 1861.

General POLK:

The Grampus is here waiting orders. Gunboat has arrived. Steamboat just arrived from below, evidently filled with troops. Will report her soon as she lands.

B. HUGHES.

[Inclosure D.]

NASHVILLE, September 4, 1861.

Major-General POLK:

Just learned that Pillow’s command is at Hickman. This is unfortunate, as the President and myself are pledged to respect the neutrality of Kentucky. I hope they will be withdrawn instantly, unless their presence there is an absolute necessity.

ISHAM G. HARRIS.

[Inclosure E.]

UNION CITY, September 4, 1861.

His Excellency Governor HARRIS, Nashville, Tenn.:

I have the honor to reply to your telegram of to-day.

General Pillow was directed by me, under the plenary powers delegated to me by the President and not since revoked to move from his late position at New Madrid to Columbus, Ky., and in consequence of the armed position of the enemy, who had posted himself with cannon and intrenchments opposite Columbus, the general was forced to land at Hickman to avoid his cannon.

I regret that a movement so entirely acceptable to the people of Kentucky, or at least this portion of Kentucky, and so essential to the security of Western Tennessee, does not permit me, in the exercise of the above authority, to concur with your views. I had never received official information that the President and yourself had determined upon any particular course in reference to the State of Kentucky.

I am, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant,

L. POLK, Major-General, Commanding.

[Inclosure F.]

RICHMOND, September 4, 1861.

General POLK, Memphis, Tenn.

News has reached here that General Pillow has landed his troops at Hickman, Ky. Order their prompt withdrawal from Kentucky.

L. P. WALKER, Secretary of War.

{p.181}

[Inclosure G.]

UNION CITY, September 4, 1861.

His Excellency the PRESIDENT OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES, Richmond, Va.:

SIR: The enemy having descended the Mississippi River some three or four days since, and seated himself with cannon and intrenched lines opposite the town of Columbus, Ky., making such demonstrations as left no doubt upon the minds of any of their intention to seize and forcibly possess said town, I thought proper, under the plenary power delegated to me, to direct a sufficient portion of my command, both by river way and by land, to concentrate at Columbus, as well to [afford] to its citizens that protection they unite to a man in accepting, as also to prevent in time the occupation by the enemy of a point so necessary to the security of Western Tennessee. This demonstration on my part has had the desired effect. The enemy had withdrawn his force even before I had fortified my position. It is my intention now to continue to occupy and keep this position.

Referring you to my dispatch of the 2d,* I have the honor to be, respectfully, your obedient servant,

L. POLK, Major-General, Commanding.

* Not found.

[Inclosure H.]

RICHMOND, September 4, 1861.

General POLK:

The necessity justifies the action.

JEFFERSON DAVIS.

[Inclosure I.]

RICHMOND, September 5, 1861.

General POLK:

Will you give a reason for General Pillow’s movement?

L. P. WALKER, Secretary of War.

[Inclosure J.]

CITY OF COLUMBUS, September 5, 1861.

Major-General POLK, Commanding Division No. 2, Confederate Army:

HONORED SIR: Will you permit a few of the citizens of this city and its vicinity, so recently oppressed and suffering from the tyrannical rules of the Northern Government, to express to you our profound gratification at the advent of the army under your command, and by your permission we will accompany that expression with a brief history of the action of that Government in respect to citizens of Kentucky, which in their judgment not only inclined our hearts to hail with delight the approach of the Confederate troops, but rendered it a duty to ourselves and our families that we should, as we did, unite and beseech them no longer to suffer the restraints of Kentucky neutrality to operate as a barrier against it.

{p.182}

We can attest, sir, your religious observance of that position which Kentucky had assumed for herself. We know, sir, that when the present unhappy difficulty between the Government of the United States and the Confederate Government [arose], the State of Kentucky chose for herself a position in relation to both powers, in which her citizens fondly flattered themselves that, and the din of war, they would find peace, security to themselves, and the ability to serve the suffering and afflicted of both sides.

The Government of the Confederacy acknowledged and recognized the right of Kentucky thus to act. They saw in this action only the exercise of a great right which attaches to the sovereignty of a State, and which was the principle that underlies the Government itself. The South has therefore tenaciously respected the position of Kentucky, but, on the other hand, this position has been repudiated by the Government of the United States from the beginning. They have repeatedly violated the neutrality of Kentucky and scoffed at those who trusted to it for protection.

It may not be improper to recall to your recollection a few of the instances in which the North have manifested its utter disregard of, and others in which it has openly and defiantly assailed, Kentucky neutrality. You will doubtless remember that when the Army was being first collected at Cairo, it was universally understood that its object and destination was down the Mississippi, to overrun Tennessee, take possession of Memphis, and finally march into New Orleans. That purpose is doubtless still entertained. As a military man you know that no general would lead an army of occupation into an enemy’s country and leave behind him unoccupied such a position as the map shows Columbus to be. Can any man be so blinded as to suppose that, and a vast arrangement then being made for the military occupation of the entire South, the War Department at Washington suffered the declaration of Kentucky neutrality to interpose for one single moment a barrier to the occupancy of Columbus?

We, sir, from the first hour that Cairo became a military encampment, have felt perfectly satisfied that this place would be taken possession of by Northern troops just so soon as the objects and designs of the leaders of the war rendered it needful, and, sir, we have trembled with apprehension for the consequences to our persons, our families, and our property. We had witnessed the outrages perpetrated by Northern soldiery. We had known private residences of our neighbors across the river in Missouri entered by these soldiers and despoiled, the owner made prisoner or chased into the woods or the canebrake, and insult and indignity offered to unprotected and defenseless females. We knew that we stood within the danger of similar treatment, for our offense was the same. Those men had dared to exercise the freedom of opinion and of speech, and so had we; they had dared to think and express the thought that a sectional President, elected by a sectional party and administering the Government upon purely sectional ideas, was a bane and a curse to the nation. We had offended in like manner. Because they would not prove such dastards as to disavow their sentiments, this treatment was visited upon them. We, too, felt incapable of retracting our opinions thus expressed, even though punishment awaited the refractory. We knew that they did not intend to respect the neutrality of Kentucky. We knew, moreover that in more instances than one they did openly violate it.

The case of the Columbus Rangers is in point. You, sir, may perhaps not have heard the particulars of that case. Capt. M. H. Wright, {p.183} a gentleman highly respected and honorable in all the relations of life, organized from the young men of Columbus and vicinity a company of Rangers, for the mere purpose of drill, to learn camp life, and to amuse themselves in hunting. A squad of this company went some 10 miles up the river on the Kentucky side. Some evil-disposed persons reported their presence in the neighborhood to the commander at Cairo, and he determined to capture or slay them. Accordingly, a troop of 200 armed soldiers lauded in the dead of might, marched in secrecy toward the encampment; as they would approach the dwelling of a citizen it would be surrounded, and the peaceful inmates, aroused in utter astonishment from their slumbers, would be placed under guard. Thus this force moved on, arresting the citizen and administering oaths until they approached the camp of the Rangers, avowing their object to be to arrest them or shoot them down if they resisted. The boys had left the evening before and returned to their homes, dreaming of anything less than they had become the objects of suspicion and of search to the army at Cairo. It has never suited the pleasure of any person connected with this flagrant infraction of Kentucky neutrality to allege any fault committed by a single individual of that party of Rangers. It was a wanton, unprovoked invasion of Kentucky soil to hunt down and murder Kentucky citizens.

Only a few days after the occurrences related above, another instance of their utter disregard of the rights of the people of Kentucky presents itself in a scene that was enacted in this place, as follows: There existed in our midst a diversity of opinion on the great question that was dividing the nation, one party favoring the doctrine of secession, the other for the Union. Each party, as was customary, manifested their opinions by the display of symbols that represented its peculiar views. The secession party had its flag, the Union party theirs. This was a matter that concerned ourselves alone. A flag of the Southern Confederacy floated from a pole on the river bank. The City of Alton, a steamboat belonging at Cairo, came down to Columbus filled with troops and having on board several cannon. She was run in to shore where the secession flag was floating, and the officer in command of the expedition demanded, in a rude and authoritative manner, by whose authority that flag was placed there. He was told it was done by citizens of Columbus. He then ordered it to be taken down. He was told it would not be done by any citizen. He then said if it was not taken down immediately he would shoot it down. He was told to shoot it down then. Thereupon three men came on shore, and, standing under the protection of their cannon, and guns bearing in point-blank distance of our persons and our dwellings, one of these men tore down the flag, took it on board the boat, and, amid shouts, jeers, and derision, it was stamped upon and carried away.

We had in all former periods of our national history been in the habit of manifesting our peculiar political views by any emblem we chose to adopt, and had felt it as one of the blessings of our form of government that we had the right to canvass and call in question the acts of our rulers in any method we might desire, so that we preserved the peace. We had, however, presumed too far in our trust in Kentucky neutrality. We had also been told by General Buckner, the commander of the military force of our State, that he had entered into aim agreement with General McClellan which secured to us perfect immunity from all future disturbance; but even this consolation was denied us, for quickly upon the heels of this last act comes the denial of General McClellan that any such arrangement existed, and that, too, in such terms as to {p.184} leave it perfectly apparent that the Northern Army were at liberty to invade Kentucky at such times and places as suited its pleasure or convenience.

Contemporaneously with all this, it should be noted that in the city of Louisville, the great commercial mart of the State, a strict and severe embargo was being enforced, so that the trade of Kentucky was obstructed and the means of disposing of our surplus absolutely denied to us.

As we draw nearer to the present period of time you will see the cloud thickens over the State, and the purposes and designs of the Government at Washington become more and more apparent.

Congress convened on the 4th of July. Was there any intimation of a purpose in that body to treat Kentucky otherwise than as a State in the Union, and bound by her allegiance to all the duties and obligations of that relation as understood and construed, not by Kentucky herself, but by the Northern Black Republican States? None whatever. In all the vast arrangements in the form of 500,000 men and $500,000,000 of money devised and voted for the prosecution of the war, for the overrunning Southern States, butchering her soldiery, and reducing their citizens to bondage, the State of Kentucky and the people of Kentucky were as fully embraced and included as the people and the States of Massachusetts or New York. Fearful the onerous tax imposed upon the people for the purpose of raising this blood money would be resisted in Kentucky, we find an army being raised and quartered in the very heart of the State, officered, equipped, fed, and armed by the General Government; held ready in the very center of the State to proceed to either extremity and assist that Government in placing the heel of power upon the neck of the people and constraining them into submission to unconstitutional usurpation and tyranny.

We have recently witnessed the spectacle of a thousand armed men, under General Rousseau, marching with loaded guns through the principal streets of the city of Louisville. We have witnessed the spectacle of another armed force, under Colonel Bramlette, marching into the city of Lexington, to place an unarmed populace under duress and compel them to submit to have Federal guns distributed from their city and a depot for Federal arms established in their midst. We have witnessed the placing of two gunboats at anchor in front of our own town, with a battery from each frowning upon our dwellings and menacing our citizens. We have seen the property of the city of Columbus-the ferry franchise-obstructed and the steam ferry-boat sunk and destroyed. We have seen bombs thrown into the city of Hickman. We have, sir, finally, witnessed the inhuman and fiendish act of a bomb hurled into our own town, bursting near a private residence, and in the very midst almost of shrinking, affrighted women. We have spent anxious days and sleepless nights in constant apprehension of the destruction of our town and the death of our wives and children.

Can you not then conceive of the sincere delight with which we hail the approach of the army under your command? But you will full far short of a just conception of the lively sentiment of pleasure we derive from the sense of restored confidence and the enjoyment of a consciousness that now our families and our property are safe. It is from hearts filled with such emotions as these that this entire community extends to you and to your gallant army a cordial welcome.

GEORGE C. TAYLOR ET AL.

{p.185}

[Inclosure K.]

COLUMBUS, KY., September 8, 1861.

Governor MAGOFFIN, Frankfort, Ky.:

I should have dispatched to you immediately, as the troops under my command took possession of this position, the very few words I addressed to the people here; but my duties since that time so preoccupied me, that I have but now the first leisure moment to communicate with you.

It will be sufficient for me to inform you (as my short address herewith will do) that I had information on which I could rely that the Federal forces intended and were preparing to seize Columbus. I need not describe to you the danger resulting to Western Tennessee from such occupation. My responsibility could not permit me quietly to lose to the command intrusted to me so important a position. In evidence of the accuracy of the information I possessed, I will state that as the Confederate forces approached this place the Federal troops were found in formidable numbers in position upon the opposite bank, with their cannons turned upon Columbus. The citizens of the town had fled with terror, and not a word of assurance of safety or protection had been addressed to them. Since I have taken possession of this place I have been informed by highly respectable citizens of your State that certain representatives of the Federal Government are seeking to take advantage of its own wrongs and setting up complaints against my act of occupation, and are making it a pretext for seizing other points.

Upon this proceeding I have no comment to make. But I am prepared to say that I will agree to withdraw the Confederate troops from Kentucky, provided that she will agree that the troops of the Federal Government be withdrawn simultaneously, with a guarantee (which I will give reciprocally for the Confederate Government) that the Federal troops shall not be allowed to enter or occupy any part of Kentucky in the future.

I have the honor to be, respectfully, your obedient servant,

L. POLK, Major-General, Commanding.

[Inclosure L.]

COLUMBUS, KY., September 9, 1861.

To Major-General POLK, Commanding Confederate Forces, &c.:

SIR: I have the honor to inclose herewith a resolution of the Senate of Kentucky, adopted by that body upon the reception of intelligence of military occupation of Hickman, Chalk Bank, and Columbus by the Confederate troops under your command.* I need not say that the people of Kentucky are profoundly astonished that such an act should have been committed by the Confederate States, and especially that they should have been the first to do so with an equipped and regularly organized army.

The people of Kentucky having with great unanimity determined upon a position of neutrality in the unhappy war now being waged, and which they had tried in vain to prevent, had hoped that one place at least in this great nation might remain uninvaded by passion, and through whose good offices something might be done to end the war or {p.186} at least to mitigate its horrors, or, if this were not possible, that she might be left to choose her destiny without disturbance from any quarter.

In obedience to the thrice repeated will of the people, as expressed at the polls and in their name, I ask you to withdraw your forces from the soil of Kentucky.

I will say in conclusion that all the people of the State await in deep suspense your action in the premises.

I have the honor to be, your obedient servant,

JOHN M. JOHNSTON, Chairman of Committee

* Not found, but see quotation in first paragraph inclosure M, p. 186.

[Inclosure M.]

COLUMBUS, KY., September 9, 1861.

To JOHN M. JOHNSTON, Chairman of Committee, Senate of Kentucky:

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of this date [inclosure L], conveying to me a copy of a resolution of the senate of Kentucky, under which a committee (of which you are chairman) was raised “for the purpose of considering the reputed occupation of Hickman and other points in Kentucky by the Confederate troops, and that they take into consideration the reported occupation of Paducah and other points in Kentucky by the Federal authorities, and report thereon.” Also “that they be directed to obtain all the facts they can in reference to the recent occupation of Kentucky soil by the Confederate and Federal forces, and report in writing at as early a day as practicable.”

From the terms of the resolution it appears that your office as committee-men was restricted merely to collecting the facts in reference to the recent occupation of Kentucky soil by the Confederate and Federal forces, and to report thereon in writing at as early a day as possible. In answer to these resolutions I have respectfully to say that, so far as the Confederate forces are concerned, these facts are few and shortly stated.

The Government which they represent, recognizing as a fundamental principle the right of sovereign States to take such a position as they may choose in regard to their relations with other States, was compelled by that principle to concede to Kentucky the right to assume the position of neutrality which she had chosen in the passing struggle. This it has done on all occasions and without an exception. The cases alluded to by his excellency Governor Magoffin, in his recent message, as “raids” I presume are the cases of the steamers Cheney and Orr. The former was the unauthorized and unrecognized act of certain citizens of Alabama, the latter an act of citizens of Tennessee* and others, and was an act of reprisal. They cannot, therefore, be charged in any sense as acts of the Confederate Government.

The first and only instance in which the neutrality of Kentucky has been disregarded is that in which the troops under my command took possession of the place I now hold and so much of the territory between it and the Tennessee line as was necessary for me to pass over to reach it.

This act finds abundant justification in the history of the concessions granted to the Federal Government by Kentucky ever since the war began, notwithstanding the position of neutrality which she has assumed and the firmness with which she proclaimed her intention to maintain it.

That history shows the following, among other facts:

{p.187}

In January the house of representatives of Kentucky passed anti-coercion resolutions, only four dissenting.

The governor in May issued his neutrality proclamation. The address of the Union Central Committee, including Mr. James Speed, Mr. Prentice, and other prominent Union men, in April proclaimed neutrality as the policy of Kentucky, and claimed that an attempt to coerce the South should induce Kentucky to make common cause with her and take part on her side, “without counting the cost.”

The Union speakers and papers, with few exceptions, claimed up to the last election that the Union vote was strict neutrality and peace. These facts and events gave assurance of the integrity of the avowed purpose of your State, and we were content with the position she assumed.

Since the election, however, she has allowed the seizure in her ports (Paducah) of property of citizens of the Confederate States. She has by her members in the Congress of the United States voted supplies of men and money to carry on the war against the Confederate States. She has allowed the Federal Government to cut timber from her forests for the purpose of building armed boats for the invasion of the Southern States. She is permitting to be enlisted in her territory troops, not only of her own citizens, but of citizens of other States, for the purpose of being armed and used in offensive warfare against the Confederate States. At Camp Robinson, in the county of Garrard, there are now 10,000 troops, if the newspapers can be relied upon, in which men from Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois are mustered with Kentuckians into the service of the United States and armed by that Government, for the avowed purpose of giving aid to the disaffected in the Confederate States and of carrying out designs of that Government for their subjugation.

Notwithstanding all these and other acts of a similar character, the Confederate States have continued to respect the attitude which Kentucky had assumed as a neutral, and foreborne from reprisals in the hope that Kentucky would yet enforce respect for her position on the part of the Government of the United States.

Our patient expectation has been disappointed, and it was only when we perceived that this continued indifference to our rights and our safety was about to culminate in the seizure of an important part of her territory by the United States forces for offensive operations against the Confederate States that a regard for self-preservation demanded of us to seize it in advance.

We are here, therefore, not by choice, but by necessity, and as I have had the honor to say in a communication addressed to his excellency Governor Magoffin, a copy of which is herewith inclosed and submitted as a part of my reply, so I now repeat, in answer to your request, that I am prepared to agree to withdraw the Confederate troops from Kentucky, provided she will agree that the troops of the Federal Government be withdrawn simultaneously, with a guarantee (which I will give reciprocally for the Confederate Government) that the Federal troops shall not be allowed to enter nor occupy any part of Kentucky for the future.

In view of the facts thus submitted, I cannot but think the world at large will find it difficult to appreciate the “profound astonishment” with which you say the people of Kentucky received the intelligence of the occupation of this place.

I have the honor to be, respectfully, your obedient servant,

L. POLK, Major-General, Commanding.

* This reference is to seizure of the Orr at Fort Heiman.

{p.188}

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RICHMOND, September 15, 1861.

Maj. Gen. L. POLK, Columbus, Ky.:

Your letter of the 11th instant, with accompanying papers, was this day delivered by Mr. Ingraham.

Your correspondence with the committee and the governor of Kentucky has been considered and approved. Governor Harris and others have represented to me that the occupation of Columbus and Hickman would work political detriment to our cause in Kentucky. It is true that the solution of the problem requires the consideration of other than the military elements involved in it; but we cannot permit the indeterminate quantities, the political elements, to control our action in cases of military necessity. Such I regarded your occupation of Columbus to be, and your offer to evacuate it upon a reasonable assurance that it would not be occupied, and other places continued to be held by the enemy, furnishes all that could be required of respect for the declared neutrality on the part of Kentucky.

A telegram has been sent to Governor Pettus, to inform him that any troops he could furnish to you would be mustered into the service of the Confederate States.

You use the expression “brigade,” but this, I suppose, is merely intended to indicate a number of regiments, as you know the law does not authorize us to accept troops in any higher organization than the regimental.

Your wish for General A. S. Johnston to command the operations in the West has been fulfilled. He is now, I suppose, at Nashville, and you will soon have the aid of his presence with the army.

I am gratified that the people of Columbus recognize in you a defender of their rights and made common cause with you. This alone would suffice to prove that we have adhered to our declared abstinence from any policy of conquest.

I feel deeply anxious as to the course of Kentucky, and sincerely trust your expectations will be realized in relation to the people of the section in which you now are.

Very respectfully and truly,

JEFFERSON DAVIS.

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COLUMBUS, KY., September 16, 1861.

President DAVIS:

Your dispatch of this day received.* Your views in regard to the occupation of Kentucky shall be carried out with careful consideration.

L. POLK, Major-General.

* Probably Davis to Polk, September 15, p. 188.

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No. 2.

Miscellaneous reports, correspondence, and orders relating to occupation of Columbus and Hickman, and Zollicoffer’s advance into Eastern Kentucky.

NASHVILLE, September 4, 1861.

JEFFERSON DAVIS:

Confederate troops, commanded by General Pillow, landed at Hickman, Ky., last night.

{p.189}

I regard the movement as unfortunate; calculated to injure our cause in the State. Unless absolutely necessary there, would it not be well to order their immediate withdrawal?

ISHAM G. HARRIS.

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RICHMOND, September 5, 1861.

Governor HARRIS, Nashville, Tenn.:

General Polk has been ordered to direct the prompt withdrawal of the forces under General Pillow from Kentucky. The movement was wholly unauthorized, and you will so inform Governor Magoffin.

L. P. WALKER.

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COLUMBUS, KY., September 13, 1861.

President DAVIS:

The following dispatch just received:

L. POLK.

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RICHMOND, September 13, 1861.

Maj. Gen. LEONIDAS POLK, Columbus, Ky.:

I desire to treat Kentucky with all possible respect. Your occupation of Columbus being necessary as a defensive measure, will of course be limited by the existence of such necessity. General A. S. Johnston is en route to join you.

JEFFERSON DAVIS.

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NASHVILLE, September 13, 1861.

General S. COOPER, Adjutant-General C. S. A.:

After consultation with the Tennessee commissioners to Frankfort, and with prominent citizens of Kentucky, I unhesitating advise that the movement of General Zollicoffer be stopped at the State line. The commissioners urge the withdrawal of General Polk’s force. Politically it would be a positive gain. The commissioners believe if General Polk should withdraw that the Federals would also withdraw. I think differently; but, even if it were otherwise, they say our doings in the State would more than compensate for the loss even of numbers. If a withdrawal is authorized, I can rally thousands of neutrality Union men to expel the Federals. I advise that General Johnston be ordered here at once, with discretionary authority to withdraw. Immediate action is necessary. Any delay in withdrawal necessitates energetic forward movements, for which there is not adequate preparation. Our possession of Columbus is already neutralized by that of Paducah. I regard a prompt withdrawal the only chance to unite the State. Simultaneously with withdrawal of Confederates I will issue call on all citizens {p.190} to join in expulsion of Federals. Advise us in Nashville, in order that the governor of Kentucky may be notified. The line is kept open for reply.

S. B. BUCKNER.

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NASHVILLE, September 13, 1861.

His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS:

On 4th instant I sent John Marshall, Andrew Ewing, and Dr. Bowling as commissioners from Tennessee to Kentucky. They returned last night, and think it of the highest importance that our troops be withdrawn. They say withdrawal secures to us majority in the State. If not withdrawn, overwhelming majority against us and a bloody contest. They think our withdrawal secures withdrawal of Federal troops and saves the State. They are able and reliable men. I submit their report for your consideration.

ISHAM G. HARRIS.

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RICHMOND, September 13, 1861.

Governor HARRIS, Nashville, Tenn.:

Movement to Columbus was reported to me as a defensive measure, rendered necessary by the descent of Federal troops. As a necessity it was sanctioned. If they can be safely withdrawn, it would conform to my declared policy of respect for the neutrality of Kentucky. General A. S. Johnston has been directed to confer with you at Nashville. Security to Tennessee and other parts of the Confederacy is the primary object. To this all else must give way.

JEFFERSON DAVIS.

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KNOXVILLE, September 14, 1861.

Adjutant-General COOPER:

Governor Harris and General Buckner telegraphed me if possible to arrest the movement of which I apprised you on the 10th.* It is too late to arrest. To withdraw would be unfortunate, unless the Federal forces which menace us will agree to withdraw. I have informed Governor Magoffin through Governor Harris I will withdraw on this condition.

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

* Not found; but see Zollicoffer to Johnston, September 16, p. 194.

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RICHMOND, September 14, 1861.

General ZOLLICOFFER, Knoxville, Tenn.:

Your letter of 10th received.* The military considerations clearly indicate the forward movement which you propose. The political condition of Kentucky affects the determination of this question. Of that you are better informed than ourselves, and as you are supposed to {p.191} have conferred with General A. S. Johnston, the matter is left to your discretion.

S. COOPER, Adjutant and Inspector General.

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COLUMBUS, KY., September 14, 1861.

Adjutant-General COOPER:

The enemy is concentrating a force at Paducah. It is necessary I should have more troops. I am offered two brigades by Governor Pettus, of Mississippi, armed and equipped, provided they are mustered into the Confederate service. May I take them? Prompt action is our policy now in Kentucky.

L. POLK.

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COLUMBUS, September 14, 1861.

His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS, President, &c.:

Inclosed I send you a letter from two distinguished gentlemen of Kentucky, which will explain itself. My own opinion is, they overrate the importance of the seizure on the public mind of Kentucky. This is as I regard it from other sources of information. They both agree that the course Kentucky has pursued deprives her of the right to protest, and so far as the protection of Tennessee is concerned, the seizure in a military point of view was a necessity. Both deplore the effect on what they think its political influence. I believe, if we could have found a respectable pretext, it would have been better to have seized this place some months ago, as I am convinced we had more friends then in Kentucky than we have had since, and every hour’s delay made against us. Kentucky was fast melting away under the influence of the Lincoln Government. If we make the stand now, and do it vigorously, we shall find we have more allies in the State than we shall ever have at any future day, and if our arms should be successful in a few battles, the State will soon abandon the position which fear of the power of the Federal Government alone constrains her now to maintain. Give us armies, with more commanders, and we cannot but believe that the State will rally strongly to our support for their emancipation.

I have the honor to remain, respectfully, your obedient servant,

L. POLK, Major-General, Commanding.

P. S.-I hear the Federalists have about 8,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry at Paducah. I moved Cheatham’s and Stephens’ regiments out to-day to Mayfield, to protect my right flank. It is of the highest importance that we should have a large re-enforcement now to press the enemy before he has time to fortify. He has laid out extensive works around Paducah, and is meaning evidently to make it his base. General C. F. Smith is in command.

[Inclosure.]

COLUMBUS, September 13, 1861.

General POLK:

The undersigned, at the request of many friends interested in the protection of Southern rights in the State of Kentucky, visit you at the {p.192} town of Columbus to present for your consideration some reasons why it is desired you should retire from this point to the State of Tennessee with your army.

The policy of Kentucky was to adhere to a strict neutrality. In that determination those who feel that it is the interest of Kentucky, on final separation of the States, to be united with the Southern States, have persisted in a rigid adherence to neutrality. Thus acting, the public opinion was being molded to the point of a final union with the Southern States.

It is feared the occupation of Kentucky soil by Confederate troops will check the run of public opinion, and be the occasion of inflaming the public mind against the Confederate States, under the operation of which the legislature will inaugurate measures for the creation of a force to operate against your force.

Allow us to state the condition of affairs in Kentucky. The State Guard military organization will be disbanded, and the guns ordered into the arsenal. A new organization will be adopted, and probably an organized force of 30,000 men created, and placed under the command of General Anderson. They will be directed to operate against your force, and most probably thrown forward from Louisville in the direction of Bowling Green, in the center of the Green River country, in the direction of Nashville. Such course would subjugate the people along that line, and subject those holding Southern opinions to all the atrocities which have marked the course of the Northern Army. Such occupation would in all probability be the rallying point for an army which will effectually overawe, if it does not crush out, Southern men and sentiment. The Southern men are not organized, and are without arms or the means of procuring them. No matter how numerous or how brave, they will be powerless for self protection, and may finally fix the destiny of the State.

We are aware that you have proposed a mutual withdrawal of the two armies. The undersigned cheerfully acknowledge the justice and propriety of that proposition, but it is due to you to say that a majority of the legislature insist that, as Kentucky is still in the Union and the Confederate States in rebellion, they will not recognize the right of the Confederate States to be placed on equal legal footing with the Federal Government. They insist that your abandonment shall be first, and without terms. Intimations are made that influential parties will use their influence to secure the withdrawal of the Federal troops, and by this means secure the neutrality of Kentucky and keep her troops out of the field, and leave the people free to act on the final question at the proper time.

We respectfully submit these views, and hope, if you shall feel it your duty to refer this question to President Davis, you will also present for his consideration the views here given.

Respectfully,

JOHN L. HELM. E. M. COVINGTON.

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CLARKSVILLE, September 15, 1861.

His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS, Richmond, Va.:

I am just from Nashville, where some dissatisfaction prevails at the action of General Polk in taking Columbus, Ky. Whether it was altogether politic to take possession I need not say, but it will be ruinous to order him back. Let him advance his columns into Kentucky, {p.193} to Bowling Green and Muldraugh’s Hill if necessary, and I predict he will not leave an enemy behind him south of that place in two weeks.

In confidence I say to you the service here needs a general at its head in whom the Army and the country have unlimited confidence. Albert S. Johnston first, and Buckner and Gus. W. Smith as officers under him, would give such confidence as would insure success. I do not even insinuate that any one now in office should be displaced. I do not think they ought, but that the persons above named should be added to the list.

The neutrality of Kentucky has been all the time a cloak to enable the Lincoln party there to hide their real design to arm the friends of Lincoln and to disarm the Southern Rights party. We ought to strike now. A step backward would be fatal, in my opinion. We cannot long avoid a conflict with the paid and bought friends of Lincoln in Kentucky, and the fight might as well come off now as at any other time. If it is to be done, it should be done quickly.

Ever your friend and obedient servant,

G. A. HENRY.

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RICHMOND, September 14, 1861.

General S. B. BUCKNER, Nashville, Tenn.:

Your several telegraphs received. A dispatch from the President to Governor Harris yesterday will inform you of his views. A similar dispatch was sent to General Polk at Columbus. General Johnston is presumed to be now in Nashville, to assume command. Appointment of brigadier-general will be sent to you by mail, and it is designed that you take command of either Camp Boone or Trousdale. You are authorized to accept regiments for twelve months, if they furnish their own arms, if they will not come for the war. There is no law which authorizes the transportation, as suggested by you.

S. COOPER, Adjutant and Inspector General.

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NASHVILLE, TENN., September 16, 1861.

His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS:

Mr. PRESIDENT: Your dispatch of the 13th instant,* was received at Chattanooga. After full conference with Governor Harris, and after learning the facts, political and military, I am satisfied that the political bearing of the question presented for my decision has been decided by the legislature of Kentucky.

The legislature of Kentucky has required the prompt removal of all Confederate forces from her soil, and the governor of Kentucky has issued his proclamation to that effect. The troops will not be withdrawn. It is not possible to withdraw them now from Columbus in the west, and from Cumberland Ford in the east, without opening the frontiers of Tennessee and the Mississippi River to the enemy, and this is regarded as essential to our present line of defense as well as to any future operations. So far from yielding to the demand for the withdrawal of our troops, I have determined to occupy Bowling Green at once. {p.194}

Information I believe to be reliable has just been received that General Polk has advanced upon Paducah with 7,500 men. The indications are distinct, leading to the conclusion that the enemy design to advance on the Nashville Railroad, and will immediately occupy Bowling Green, if not anticipated.

I design to-morrow (which is the earliest practicable moment) to take possession of Bowling Green with 5,000 troops, and prepare to support the movement with such force as circumstances may indicate and the means at my command may allow. Full reports of the forces of my department will be made at the earliest practicable moment. But enough is already apparent, I respectfully submit, considering the intended line of our defenses and the threatening attitude and increasing forces of the enemy in Missouri and Kentucky, to authorize and require of me the assurance to you that we have not over half the armed forces that are now likely to be required for our security against disaster. I feel assured that I can command the requisite number of men, but we are deficient in arms.

By letter of the 15th instant, borne by a special messenger, I have called earnestly upon the governors of Georgia and Alabama for arms, which I am assured they possess. If I fail with them, I shall appeal to your excellency for support and assistance. I believe that those States have quite a number of arms, and that a portion, at least, of them ought to be spared to this line of our defenses.

Having no officer that I could place in command of the movement on Bowling Green, I have been compelled to select and appoint General Simon B. Buckner a brigadier-general, subject to your approval, which I hope it may meet.

The occupation of Bowling Green is an act of self-defense, rendered necessary by the action of the government of Kentucky and by the evidences of intended movements of the Federal forces.

I would be glad to have the services of G. W. Smith, if it is in the power of your excellency to assign him to my command.

Any orders of your excellency will be executed promptly, and any suggestions you may make will be received with pleasure.

With great respect, your obedient servant,

A. S. JOHNSTON, General, U. S. Army.

* Not found.

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KNOXVILLE, September 16, 1861.

General A. S. JOHNSTON, Memphis, Tenn.:

SIR: On the 10th instant I apprised Adjutant-General Cooper that I expected on the 12th to have three regiments at Cumberland Ford and three other regiments there as soon as they could be withdrawn from other posts, and I added:

On the 13th I received dispatches from Governor Harris and General Buckner, urging me to arrest my movement at the State line, if possible. These dispatches came too late, reaching me after my return from London. I replied to Governor Harris by telegraph, requesting him to transmit to Governor Magoffin the following note:

{p.195}

Last night General Cooper telegraphed me in reference to my suggestion of the 10th, that, after strengthening the mountain passes, “we will be ready to make a forward movement,” as follows:

There are probably by this time four regiments at Cumberland Ford and a fifth at the Gap, 15 miles this side. A sixth will probably be moved up by the 21st or 22d; and if the state of things in Greene County, where there has been some excitement, is such as I suppose, I am not able yet to indicate within what time proper defenses in the mountain passes can be completed, but every effort will be made to push the work forward vigorously. I hope to go there to-morrow. Would have gone earlier, but have been detained by pressing necessities here. I meant to say to General Cooper that we would be ready to make a forward movement, should it be deemed advisable.

I find myself at a loss, under present condition of things, how to obtain reliable information of the strength and movements of the enemy. I will endeavor to place before you promptly information I may receive and all circumstances enabling you to understand our condition. I inclose the most perfect report we are now able to make of the various corps, scattered as they now are at distant posts.*

Very respectfully,

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

* Not found.

{p.196}

SEPTEMBER 6, 1861.–Occupation of Paducah, Ky., by United States troops.

REPORTS, ETC.

No. 1.–	Brig. Gen. John A. McClernand, U. S. Army, of departure of expedition from Cairo, Ill., September 5.
No. 2.–	Brig. Gen. U. S. Grant, U. S. Army, commanding District of Southeast Missouri, with instructions relative to occupation of the town.

No. 1.

Report of Brig. Gen. John A. McClernand, U. S. Army, of departure of the expedition from Cairo, Ill., September 5.

BRIGADE HDQRS., Cairo, September 5-12 p. m.

SIR: I have the honor to report the military operations of the day.

This morning an engineering party, covered by a company from Col. Paine’s regiment, repaired to the Kentucky shore, and made a survey and reconnaissance, with a view to occupation preparatory to more decisive movements south. The party returned at sunset without accident. This afternoon vigorous measures were adopted for an expedition for the seizure of the city of Paducah, 50 miles above, on the Ohio River. To prevent opposing measures, all passing on the rivers and roads was suspended, egress from the city forbidden, and the telegraph restrained.

The expedition sailed at 11.30 to-night, comprising the gunboats Tyler and Conestoga, the steamers Graham and Terry, conveying Col. Paine’s regiment from Cairo, Colonel McArthur’s regiment from Bird’s Point, also Colonel Waagner’s artillery, consisting of six pieces, under Captain Smith. The force comprised about 1,800 men of all grades, six 64-pounders, four 32-pounders, and six 6-pounders, with an adequate supply of provisions and munitions for all expected emergencies. Brigadier-General Grant commands the expedition in person. The officers and men chosen for this duty are among the most carefully chosen and drilled of the Illinois volunteers. I anticipate the pleasure of being able to announce to you the entire success of this important movement.

Order prevails in this city and camp; the organization and drill of the forces are progressing satisfactorily, and when supplied with the arms now on the way, it is hoped that the post may be not only well defended, but the scene of efficient operations.

Having only entered upon the command of this post at noon to-day, and being pressed by active duties, growing out of the movements above referred to, I will defer details until better advised of the condition and strength of my command.

I remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JOHN A. McCLERNAND, Brigadier-General, Commanding.

Maj. Gen. JOHN C. FRÉMONT, Saint Louis, Mo.

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No. 2.

Reports of Brig. Gen. U. S. Grant, U. S. Army, commanding District of Southeast Missouri, with instructions relative to occupation of the town.

CAIRO, September 6, 1861.

Have just returned from Paducah. Found secession flags in different parts of the city, in expectation of greeting the arrival of Southern {p.197} Army, said to be 16 miles off 3,800 strong. Took quiet possession of telegraph office, railroad depot, and Marine Hospital. Found a large quantity of complete rations and leather for the Southern Army. I will go to Cape Girardeau to-night, and give necessary directions for movement of troops from there, fund return to-morrow. Left two gunboats for the present.

U. S. GRANT, Brigadier-General.

Maj. Gen. JOHN C. FRÉMONT, Saint Louis, Mo.

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HEADQUARTERS DISTRICT SOUTHEAST MISSOURI, Cairo, Ill., September 6, 1861.

I left Cairo at 10.30 o’clock last night, taking two gunboats and three steamboats, with the Ninth Illinois, under Gen. E. A. Paine; the Twelfth Illinois, under Col. J. McArthur, and Smith’s battery, four pieces light artillery, under Lieutenant Willard. I met with some detention at Mound City, owing to an accident to one of the steamers, creating a necessity for a transfer of troops. During the detention I was joined by Captain Foote, U. S. Navy, who accompanied the expedition.

Arrived at Paducah at 8.30 this morning. Found numerous secession flags flying over the city, and the citizens in anticipation of the approach of the rebel army, which was reliably reported 3,800 strong 16 miles distant. As we neared the city Brigadier-General Tilghman and staff of the rebel army, and a recruiting major with a company raised in Paducah, left the city by the railroad, taking with them all the rolling stock. 1 landed the troops and took possession of the city without firing a gun.

Before I landed the secession flags had disappeared, and I ordered our flags to replace them. I found at the railroad depot a large number of complete rations and about two tons of leather, marked for the Confederate Army. Took possession of these and ordered the rations to be distributed to the troops. I also took possession of the telegraph office, and seized some letters and dispatches, which I herewith transmit. I further took possession of the railroad. The enemy was reported as coming down the Tennessee River in large force, but this I do not credit. I distributed the troops so as best to command the city and least annoy peaceable citizens, and published a proclamation to the citizens, a copy of which will be handed you by Captain Foote.

I left two gunboats and one of the steamboats at Paducah, placed the post under command of General E. A. Paine, and left Paducah at 12 o’clock, arriving at this post at 4 this afternoon.

Last night I ordered the Eighth Missouri Volunteers, Col. M. L. Smith, stationed at Cape Girardeau, to report here immediately. I will send them to re-enforce General Paine at Paducah to-night. I would respectfully recommend that two additional pieces be added to the excellent battery of Captain Smith, commanded by Lieutenant Willard, making it a complete battery of six pieces. He has men sufficient for six pieces, but will require horses and harness.

Colonel Waagner accompanied me, and manifested great zeal and precaution.

I must acknowledge my obligations to General McClernand, commanding this force, for the active and efficient co-operation exhibited by him in fitting out the expedition.

U. S. GRANT, Brigadier-General.

Maj. Gen. JOHN C. FRÉMONT, Saint Louis, Mo.

{p.198}

[Instructions.]

HEADQUARTERS DISTRICT SOUTHEAST MISSOURI, Paducah, Ky., September 6, 1861.

Brig. Gen. E. A. PAINE, Commanding Ninth Illinois Volunteers:

Upon my departure you will assume command of the troops at this post, and make such disposal of the forces as will best enable you to retain possession and control of the city. A portion of the troops can be quartered at the Marine Hospital. You are charged to take special care and precaution that no harm is done to inoffensive citizens; that the soldiers shall not enter any private dwelling nor make any searches unless by your orders, and then a detail shall be made for that purpose. Exercise the strictest discipline against any soldier who shall insult citizens or engage in plundering private property. Make frequent reports to me at district headquarters, and also to the Department of the West, at Saint Louis, sending me copies of such reports.

By order of Brigadier-General Grant:

WM. S. HILLYER, Captain and Aide-de-Camp.

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HEADQUARTERS DISTRICT SOUTHEAST MISSOURI, Cairo, Ill., September 6, 1861.

Brig. Gen. E. A. PAINE, Commanding, &c., Paducah, Ky.:

Take possession of the wharf boats at the landing and make use of them for storehouses. I would recommend that you have your captured stores and all others sent to these boats immediately, to guard against losing them. I send you five companies of Colonel Oglesby’s regiment without baggage, and I want them returned by the same boat that takes Smith’s regiment. I can send you one or two companies of cavalry in a day or two, and am in hopes two more pieces of artillery will be added to the battery you now have.

U. S. GRANT, Brigadier-General, Commanding.

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CAIRO, ILL., September 6, 1861.

Brig. Gen. E. A. PAINE:

I am instructed by General Grant, who has left for Cape Girardeau, to add to the foregoing the additional instruction, that should you apprehend an attack from the enemy you will seize all the money in the banks, assuring the citizens that it is done for the purpose of securing the deposits of the Union men as well as to guard against its falling into the hands of the enemy. You will then place it on one of the gunboats for safe-keeping.

By order of Gen. Grant:

WM. S. HILLYER, Captain and Aide-de-Camp.

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CAIRO, ILL., September 6, 1861.

Col. M. L. SMITH, Comdg. Eighth Regiment Missouri Vols.:

Without leaving the steamer you are now on, you will proceed at once to Paducah, Ky., and there report to Brigadier-General Paine, now in command at that place, for duty. I have selected your regiment and yourself for that post, deeming it of the utmost importance to have troops and a commander that can be expected to do good service.

U. S. GRANT, Brigadier-General, Commanding.

{p.199}

SEPTEMBER 19, 1861.– Action at Barboursville, Ky.

Report of Brig. Gen. F. K. Zollicoffer, C. S. Army.

BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS, Camp Buckner, near Cumberland Ford, Ky., Sept. 19, 1861.

SIR: On my way here to-day an express overtook me with your order to send two regiments from my command to Camp Trousdale. I immediately caused orders to be given to Fourteenth Mississippi Regiment, Colonel Baldwin, and Third East Tennessee Regiment, Colonel Lillard, to move to Camp Trousdale, those two regiments being on the line of the railroad and most readily to be brought to the position designated.

I have now four regiments here and one at Cumberland Gap. I have here one 6-pounder field battery of six guns and four companies of cavalry-eight other cavalry companies on the way. There are now but two infantry regiments left in East Tennessee; one, the Alabama regiment, with more than 400 sick. There are five cavalry companies left for that service.

An advanced force sent out last night, about 800 strong, entered Barboursville, 18 miles from here, about daylight, where they found about 300 of the enemy, and a fight ensued, in which we killed 12 and took 2 prisoners. We lost 1 killed, Lieutenant Powell, of Colonel Cummings’ regiment, 1 fatally wounded, and 3 slightly wounded. The enemy fled precipitately. The number of his wounded unknown.

Col. J. A. Battle commanded the detachment, making a march of 34 miles and dispersing this detachment of the enemy within a period of twenty hours. He destroyed their encampment, called Camp Andrew Johnson, and captured about 25 arms. Two prisoners had been taken a day or two before, one of whom was bearing a letter from an East Tennessee captain in the Lincoln camp at Hoskins’ Cross-Roads to his wife, in which the writer states that the strength of that camp is 15,000 and still rapidly increasing. We now have a report from the country people that they are 20,000 strong.

My only engineer officer understanding military engineering has resigned and gone home.

Very respectfully,

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

General A. S. JOHNSTON, Memphis, Tenn.

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SEPTEMBER 21, 22, 1861.– Reconnaissance toward Columbus, and skirmish (September 22) on Mayfield Creek, Ky.

REPORTS.

No. 1.–	Brig. Gen. U. S. Grant, U. S. Army.
No. 2.–	Col. Jacob G. Lauman, Seventh Iowa Infantry.

No. 1.

Report of Brig. Gen. U. S. Grant, U. S. Army.

HEADQUARTERS DISTRICT SOUTHEAST MISSOURI, Cairo, September 22, 1861.

GENERAL: Yesterday I directed a reconnaissance in force to discover the position of the enemy. The main part of the troops from Norfolk {p.200} and Fort Jefferson were landed below Island No. 1, and marched from there down the beach road, supported by the gunboats Tyler and Lexington. The result proved the Confederates to be in and around Columbus. No outposts are occupied by them nearer to us. Mayfield has been deserted by the rebels.

Colonel Waagner, chief of ordnance, left here this evening, in pursuance of orders telegraphed to him. His energy and ability have been of great service to me, particularly in directing reconnaissances, and his loss from this post will be felt.

To-day the advanced sentinels of one of our pickets fired into a scouting party of about 100 rebels, killing 1 horse and unhorsing 5 or 6 men. This took place about 1 mile from Elliott’s Mills, on the Columbus road.

The general health of this command is improving, but the number of sick is still very large.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

U. S. GRANT, Brigadier-General, Commanding.

Maj. Gen. J. C. FRÉMONT, Comdg. Western Dep’t, Saint Louis, Mo.

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No. 2.

Report of Col. Jacob G. Lauman, Seventh Iowa Infantry, of skirmish on Mayfield Creek, Ky.

FORT JEFFERSON, September 22, 1861.

GENERAL: My outposts, consisting of a detachment of 8 or 10 men, infantry, stationed on the road beyond Elliott’s Mills, were attacked this afternoon by the enemy’s cavalry, about 100 in number, and were repulsed with the loss of 4, known to be either killed or wounded, as they tumbled out of their saddles, and were carried off in their precipitate retreat. One horse was killed, and the horse furniture remains in the hands of my picket as a trophy.

If possible send us some addition to our cavalry force, and I pledge you they won’t approach our pickets again with impunity.

Respectfully, yours,

J. G. LAUMAN, Colonel Seventh Iowa, Commanding Post.

General U. S. GRANT, Commanding, &c.

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SEPTEMBER, 23, 1861.– Affair at Albany, Ky.*

* Exact date not ascertained.

Report of Brig. Gen. F. K. Zollicoffer, C. S. Army.

BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS, Camp Buckner, Ky., October 2, 1861.

SIR: I had posted Captain Bledsoe’s cavalry company near Jamestown, Tenn., and four other cavalry companies at intermediate points from there to Cumberland Gap, to watch the mountain passes on the East Tennessee and Kentucky line in its whole extent. Colonel Stanton’s rifle regiment is encamped in Overton County, Middle Tennessee, 14 miles from Captain Bledsoe, but I am advised that he does not regard himself as under my orders. I have just learned that a few days ago {p.201} Captain Bledsoe ascertained that about 400 Lincoln men at Albany, Ky., had made prisoners of some of our friends in their neighborhood, who sent to Bledsoe for help. He dashed over the line to Albany, routed the Lincoln men, and captured about 60 muskets, which he sent to Colonel Stanton.

The force of the enemy has collected at Monticello 800 strong, and two small pieces of artillery have been sent them from Camp Dick Robinson, Bledsoe has since sent to Colonel Stanton for help, which has been refused. He sent a second time, and was informed that he (Stanton) would not afford the desired assistance unless ordered by General Johnston. This is what a messenger sent to General Caswell says. Bledsoe, a very gallant man, thinks with this timely aid he could disperse the Lincoln force and take their cannon. Three companies of cavalry have been ordered to Bledsoe’s relief, but Stanton, who is so near, ought to give his aid.

I hear that about 2,500 Lincolnites have assembled at Louisa, in Lawrence County. Kentucky, on the Lower Sandy River, and that the people of Scott, Lee, Wise, Russell, and other western counties in Virginia are preparing against invasion. I have written to leading men in those counties, and have sent an intelligent officer through them to get reliable news and to urge timely preparations to guard the gaps in the mountains.

Very respectfully,

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

Lieutenant-Colonel MACKALL, Asst. Adjt. Gen., Columbus, Ky.

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SEPTEMBER 26 and 29, 1861.– Destruction of the Lock at the mouth of Muddy River (26), skirmish (29) at Hopkinsville, Ky., and its occupation by Confederate forces.

Report of Brig. Gen. Simon B. Buckner, C. S. Army.

BOWLING GREEN, October 4, 1861.

I returned here yesterday. On the 26th September destroyed the lock at the mouth of Muddy River; occupied Hopkinsville on the 29th, the Home Guards having departed on the previous night. Our only loss was 1 killed and 1 dangerously wounded, resulting from an ambush of a few of the dispersing Home Guards. Our cavalry wounded several and took 2 prisoners. Men stood march of over 100 miles remarkably well; their conduct generally excellent. We made many friends. I left the brigade of Mississippians and two small regiments under Brigadier General Alcorn at Hopkinsville. I will send you by mail a copy of my instructions to him. I can reconstruct at a cost of a few hundred dollars an old telegraph line from Clarksville to Hopkinsville. Shall I direct it to be built? There is a regiment 1,000 strong in Overton County, Tenn., about 70 miles southeast of this place; it is commanded by Col. S. S. Stanton, who is still under orders to respect the neutrality of Kentucky. If not wanted there, I request permission to order them to join me.

Yours, respectfully,

S. B. BUCKNER, Brigadier-General.

Col. W. W. MACKALL, Assistant Adjutant-General.

{p.202}

SEPTEMBER 26-30, 1861.– Expedition from Cumberland Ford, including skirmish at Laurel Bridge, Laurel County, and capture of Salt Works in Clay County, Kentucky.

Reports of Brig. Gen. F. K. Zollicoffer, C. S. Army.

BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS, Camp Buckner, Ky., September 30, 1861.

SIR: The detachments whose movements I reported to you on the 26th instant are returning into camp. The commands of Colonels Rains and Statham and Lieutenant-Colonel McNairy went a few miles beyond London, having driven in the enemy’s pickets a few miles this side of Laurel Bridge, captured a part of the baggage of the encampment at the bridge, and given ineffectual chase for several miles to a retreating force variously estimated at from 600 to 1,500. They captured two of the pickets and one other prisoner, 8,000 cartridges, 25,000 caps, 3 kegs of powder, 6 barrels of salt, 2 wagons and teams (hauling off the last of their baggage), 3 other horses, 25 pairs of shoes, and several guns.

The commands of Colonel Cummings and Lieutenant-Colonel Brazelton proceeded to the salt works in Clay County and loaded their wagon train with all the salt there-200 barrels-and returned with it without any incident of note. The works belong to Lincoln men, but Colonel Cummings was instructed to receipt for it, which he did.

It appears certain that a portion of the enemy’s force at Laurel Bridge was from Camp Dick Robinson, and there is reason to suppose that a considerable force has advanced from that camp towards London, but of this I have no reliable information. I have not yet had an opportunity of getting detailed information from the officers of the character of the roads, the topography of the country, temper of the people, &c., but learn that the people seem hostile and that the roads have numerous mountain defiles.

I regret to have to report that I learn that some of our soldiers committed discreditable trespasses on the property of private citizens on the route, which I will investigate and endeavor to have properly punished. It will tend to thwart progress I was making in conciliating masses of ignorant people here who were hostile because they were told we would have no respect for their personal or property rights.

Very respectfully,

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

Lieutenant-Colonel MACKALL, Assistant Adjutant-General, Columbus, Ky.

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BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS Camp Buckner, September 30, 1861.

SIR: On the morning of the 26th instant Colonel Rains’ regiment, Colonel Statham, with a battalion of his regiment, and Lieutenant-Colonel McNairy’s cavalry battalion, marched for Laurel Bridge, in Laurel County, Ky., to break up a camp of the enemy, variously estimated from 600 to 1,500.

On the same morning I sent Colonel Cummings’ regiment and Lieutenant-Colonel Brazelton, with a part of his cavalry battalion, to the {p.203} salt works, in Clay County, to fill a train of wagons with salt. The population in those counties is hostile, and I considered the first expedition favorable to masking the second, while both would procure me valuable information of the country.

The first expedition drove in the enemy’s pickets some distance this side of the bridge, broke up their camp, captured part of their baggage, consisting of 8,000 cartridges, 25,000 caps, 3 kegs of powder, 6 barrels of salt, 25 pairs of shoes, 2 wagons and teams, 3 other horses, and 3 prisoners, including 2 of their cavalry pickets. They gave them ineffectual chase several miles through London and a few miles beyond.*

The second expedition obtained 200 barrels of salt, all that was at the works, and returned without notable incident. The works belong to Lincoln men, but I caused it to be receipted for, with the expectation that the Confederate Government will pay for it at the price at the works-forty cents per bushel. The scarcity of the article in the Confederate States makes the acquisition a valuable one to the Army.

I regret to have heard of irregularities among the soldiers on these expeditions in trespassing upon private property, which I will investigate and have severely punished. The population in these counties is an ignorant one, and much prejudiced against us by misrepresentation. I have made some progress in conciliating them, but I fear this conduct will tend to defeat such object.

Inclosed find report of the death of Lieutenant Powell killed at Barboursville, on the 19th instant. Is the vacancy to be filled by election or promotion?

Very respectfully,

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

Adjt. Gen. S. COOPER, Richmond, Va.

* For Zollicoffer’s instructions to Rains, see Garrard to Thomas, October 3, in “Correspondence, etc.-Union,” p. 291.

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SEPTEMBER 29, 1861.– Affairs at Albany, Ky., and Travisville, Tenn.

Report of Col. William A. Hoskins, Twelfth Kentucky Infantry.

CAMP AT ALBANY, September 29, 1861.

SIR: On my arrival at this place on yesterday I found it occupied by the Home Guards of Clinton and Russell Counties, the Confederate troops having evacuated the same; after appropriating such of private and public property as they chose returned to their encampment, distant from this place 20 miles.

Among other things which they captured were 30-odd Home Guard muskets and 3,000 rounds of B. and B. cartridges.

The promptness with which the Home Guards of Russell came to the relief of the people of this county is deserving of all praise, as also their heroic conduct in replanting and standing by the colors in the presence of such danger, with a foe outnumbering them ten to one, from which they were momentarily expecting an attack.

On my arrival at Monticello, learning that the Confederate troops contemplated reoccupying Albany, I deemed it best to call to my aid the Home Guards of Pulaski County, as also those of the counties of Lincoln, Casey, and Russell, under the command of Col. J. L. Barnes. {p.204} They responded to the call, and joined us this morning by forced marches with a force of 184 men, to which they are hourly receiving accessions.

To-morrow I shall expect re-enforcements of some 200, making in all 800 effective men, of which number 100 cavalry from Camp Dick Robinson and 100 from Hustonville and Liberty.

This morning I received information that the Confederate forces were forming another encampment at Travisville, distant from us 13 miles; accordingly I ordered Captain Morrison to take the effective force under his command and proceed to that point, and after reconnoitering sufficiently to satisfy himself that the number was not too great to justify an attack, to take them by surprise, order a surrender, which, should they refuse, to fire upon them.

In obedience to my orders he proceeded to that point as directed. In about two hours after Captain Morrison left camp Lieutenant Adams joined us, as also the Home Guards of Hustonville Cavalry. I ordered a detail of 15 men from the company under command of Lieutenant Adams and 30 from the Hustonville Home Guards, which were placed under command of Major Brents, and he ordered to proceed to Travisville, to support Captain Morrison in the event he was repulsed; but before reaching that point Captain Morrison had surprised the camp, finding about 100 troops, which, being ordered to surrender, fled, when they were fired upon and 4 killed, the balance effecting their escape by fleeing to the hills.*

...

They also took 4 prisoners, 2 of whom, as also 2 horses, were captured by Thomas Huddleston, a private in Captain Morrison’s company; after accomplishing which, to use his own expression, “He looked for more, but they had all fled.”

Among the officers with Captain Morrison were Lieutenant Miller, Sergeants Hay, Carr, Chilton, Smith, and Howard. The prisoners were brought this side the line, when, after taking a solemn obligation to prove faithful to the United States Government, they were released.

The promptness with which the Hustonville Home Guards obeyed my order to join in the hazardous expedition is deserving of honorable mention. But for our timely arrival the Confederate troops, I have no doubt, would now have been in possession of this place, as they were to move in this direction on yesterday.

This morning their plan was to gather their forces at Camp Monroe, when they were to divide their forces into three divisions; the smaller force of cavalry was to make a feint upon this place, while the other two divisions were to move one on Monticello and the other on Burkesville, Cumberland County.

I have ordered the blockade of the road leading to Monticello, by the destruction of a bridge, the felling of timber, &c., while I have also ordered the Home Guards of Cumberland to hold themselves in readiness to meet the attack; and should they attempt to execute their plans, if we can repulse the party attacking this place, we will move in the rear of the party attacking Burkesville.

Should they delay the attack until I shall be sufficiently strengthened by re-enforcements to move from cover, I shall proceed to blockade all the passes leading into this place and erect a fortification. So soon as that is accomplished I shall leave some one in charge and return to camp.

The cavalry from Camp Dick Robinson is too much fagged to return for several days.

{p.205}

I send you herewith copies of orders issued since I assumed command, as also a map of roads, &c., which will enable you the better to comprehend our position.

I am apprehensive that the attack on their camp to-day may provoke the enemy to hasten their movements on us; anticipating which, I have called for re-enforcements from this and the neighboring counties.

From the most reliable information obtained, they have 1,180 men, distributed in the following order: At Camp Bledsoe, 80 cavalry; Good Pastures, 200; and 900 at camp beyond Monroe; all of whom I learn are but poorly armed, with no artillery.

You shall hear from me again in a few days. I hope you will pardon my hasty and informal report, as it is my first experiment.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

W. A. HOSKINS.

General GEORGE H. THOMAS.

* List of property captured omitted.

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OCTOBER 21, 1861.– Action at Rockcastle Hills, or Camp Wildcat, Ky.

REPORTS, ETC.

No. 1.–	Brig. Gen. George H. Thomas, U. S. Army.
No. 2.–	Brig. Gen. A. Schoepf, U. S. Army.
No. 3.–	Col. John Coburn, Thirty-third Indiana Infantry.
No. 4.–	General A. S. Johnston, C. S. Army.
No. 5.–	Brig. Gen. F. K. Zollicoffer, C. S. Army, including operations October 16-26, with correspondence.
No. 6.–	Col. T. W. Newman, Seventeenth Tennessee Infantry.

No. 1.

Reports of Brig. Gen. George H. Thomas, U. S. Army.

HEADQUARTERS CAMP DICK ROBINSON, October 22, 1861-4 a.m.

GENERAL: I have just received a dispatch from General Schoepf, at the Rockcastle Hills. He writes that the enemy attacked the camp with 6,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry, and were repulsed and driven back, as he says, behind their intrenchments. He reports 4 of our men killed and 20 wounded. Among the latter was Captain Hauser, Thirty-third Indiana, who rejoined his regiment after the amputation of his finger.

General Schoepf regards the position as secure. I am sending forward provisions and ammunition in addition to the supply taken by the troops. I thought it more advisable, in the present confused state of the quartermaster’s department here, to remain at this post myself, sending forward Generals Schoepf and Carter, who are on the ground with 5,000 men. As soon as I can arrange matters here I will go forward myself.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

GEO. H. THOMAS, Brigadier-General, U. S. Vols., Commanding.

Brig. Gen. W. T. SHERMAN, Comdg. Dep’t of the Cumberland, Louisville, Ky.

{p.206}

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HEADQUARTERS CAMP DICK ROBINSON, October 23, 1861.

GENERAL: I wrote you on the 22d, giving the substance of General Schoepf’s report of the events of the 21st at Rockcastle Hills. I have just received another dispatch from him, in which he reports that his scouts had just returned and report the enemy “have fully retreated in the direction of London. Our loss is ascertained to be 4 killed and 18 wounded. On examination of the battle ground I set the enemy’s loss down at 30 killed, with a large wounded list-the latter taken by them off the field (as I learn from an intelligent citizen in the vicinity), except 3, who were brought into our camp and properly cared for; 1 since dead. Our wounded are doing well.

“The 3 prisoners, all examined separately by myself, gave the same statement relative to the strength of the enemy, viz, about 7,000. The enemy fought well, approaching to within about fifty yards of our muskets with shouts and cheers, which were promptly responded to by our men, under the immediate command of Colonels Coburn and Wolford.

“In the pocket of one of the wounded prisoners was found a letter to the commander of a secession Tennessee regiment, urging him to send forward his regiment to the relief of General Zollicoffer. I have just learned from a citizen on the route of the retreating enemy that they acknowledged a loss of 100 killed.”

I shall begin to move the depot to-morrow as far to the front as Crab Orchard, and advance troops to or beyond London as soon as I possibly can. Although I have sufficient ammunition for a battle, I would be obliged if you will have my requisition of the 12th instant filled and sent forward as soon as possible. I find a rumor in the papers that General Lee will supersede Zollicoffer. If he does, I should wish to be prepared for him fully. The canister and grape have reached here tonight, and I will forward them to-morrow.

The contractors, Theodore Comstock, of Columbus, Ohio, and Heildebach, Seasongood & Co., of Cincinnati, have violated their contracts, copies of which I inclose, as well as copies of my letters to them. The man Comstock had money placed in the hands of Jones Brothers & Co., to be paid to him as soon as his overcoats were received, yet he has never delivered the five hundred. The Cincinnati firm furnished a few things, but have failed to deliver anything since the 18th. I fear from what I can learn that they were led away from the path of common honesty by the tempting offer of the governor of Ohio. He pays them $10 for each overcoat. I hope I have your authority for publishing their names in the Cincinnati papers.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

GEO. H. THOMAS, Brigadier-General, U. S. Vols.

Brig. Gen. W. T. SHERMAN, Comdg. Dep’t of the Cumberland.

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No. 2.

Reports of Brig. Gen. A. Schoepf, U. S. Army.

CAMP ON ROCKCASTLE RIVER, October 22, 1861.

SIR: I sent up this morning all the spare wagons on hand. Please send me supplies of provisions of all kinds.

I sent an express to your headquarters yesterday, with a rough {p.207} pouch note of the events of the day. The enemy has not since presented himself. I sent out scouts this morning to ascertain his whereabouts. These scouts have since returned, and report that the enemy have fully retreated in the direction of London.

Our loss yesterday is ascertained to be 4 killed and 18 wounded. On examination of the battle ground I set the enemy’s loss down at 30 killed, with a large wounded list, the latter taken by them off the field (as I learn from an intelligent citizen in the vicinity), except 3, which were brought into our camp and properly cared for; one since died. Our wounded are doing well.

These prisoners, all examined separately by myself, gave the same statement relative to the strength of the enemy, viz, about 7,000.

The enemy fought well, approaching to within about 50 yards of our muskets with shouts and cheers, which were promptly responded to by our men, under the immediate command of Colonels Coburn and Wolford.

I yesterday asked for artillery ammunition and caps for rifles, to which I would now add a further supply of musket cartridges and caps.

The troops now en route for this camp will be held on the opposite side of the river for the present. I can hold my position with my present force against an equal or superior number, should the enemy again attack.

I will await further orders before following the enemy.

In the pocket of one of the wounded prisoners was found a letter to the commander of a Tennessee (secession) regiment, urging him to send forward his regiment to the relief of General Zollicoffer.

Respectfully submitted.

A. SCHOEPF, Brigadier-General.

Brig. Gen. GEORGE H. THOMAS, Commanding First Kentucky Brigade, Camp Dick Robinson.

P. S.-I have just learned from a citizen on the route of the retreating enemy that they acknowledge a loss of 100 killed.

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HDQRS. CAMP WILDCAT, October 23, 1861.

GENERAL: I have reliable information that the enemy have retreated to Laurel Bridge, 9 miles south of London, and are moving southward. I have conversed with intelligent persons from the vicinity of London, thence to Cumberland Gap, and am of the opinion that I can advance to that point (Cumberland Gap) and scatter the forces of Zollicoffer en route, and by turning the Gap get and hold possession of it, and perhaps the great railroad from Richmond, Va., and Manassas to Memphis and the South. Shall I do it? Should such movement meet your approval, I would suggest that all the re-enforcements which can possibly be spared from Camp Dick Robinson be sent forward, a depot of supplies (on a small scale) be established at Crab Orchard, and a similar one at Wild Cat (my present position), upon which I could fall back in case of an emergency. I am credibly informed that supplies can be obtained for my present (or larger) force between this point and Cumberland Gap. Hon. Mr. Maynard, of Tennessee, is of this opinion. I shall await your orders.

I have the honor to be, general, respectfully, your obedient servant,

A. SCHOEPF, Brigadier-General.

General GEORGE H. THOMAS, Commanding Brigade, &c.

{p.208}

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No. 3.

Report of Col. John Coburn, Thirty-third Indiana Infantry.

HDQRS. THIRTY-THIRD REG’T INDIANA VOLUNTEERS, Camp Wildcat, Ky., October 22, 1861.

SIR: In pursuance of your orders to take possession of and occupy an eminence on the east of this encampment, on the morning of the 21st of October I took Company D, Captain McCrea; Company I, Captain Hauser; Company E, Captain Hendricks and Company G, Captain Dille, of the Thirty-third Indiana, comprising in all 350 men. The companies were immediately deployed around the hill as skirmishers. In less than 20 minutes the rebels, who were concealed in the woods, commenced firing, when at almost the first fire Private McFerran, of Company D, was killed. In 10 minutes more the enemy appeared in front of our position to the south at a distance of half a mile in the valley. They were in large numbers, and were over halt an hour in passing by an open space in the woods, when they formed again in line. They soon came near us under cover of a wood, which entirely concealed their approach until we were apprised of their presence by the firing of musketry. At this time we were re-enforced by a portion of the Kentucky cavalry, dismounted, under Colonel Wolford, about 250 strong, who immediately formed and took part in the engagement. The firing at this time was very severe, which caused the cavalry to waver and retreat. They were soon, however, rallied and formed again in order, and fought with good spirit. The enemy engaged was composed of a portion of General Zollicoffer’s command, and consisted of two regiments of Tennesseeans, under the command of Colonels Newman and Cummings. They charged up the hill upon us, and were met by a galling and deadly fire, which wounded and killed many of them. The front of their column approached within a few rods of us with their bayonets fixed, declaring themselves “Union men” and “all right,” at the next moment leveling their guns at us and firing. After being engaged nearly an hour the enemy retreated, bearing off a portion of their dead and wounded and their arms. Our men have buried their dead left on the field and taken the wounded to our hospitals. Thirty corpses have been found up to this time. A large number of their wounded and dead were carried off in their wagons. It is safe to estimate the loss of the enemy at least 100 killed.

The bravery of the Thirty-third Indiana was well tested in this engagement. I am happy to state that universal courage, cheerfulness, and promptness marked their whole actions during the entire engagement. Too much praise cannot be given to the brave Captain Hauser, who continued fighting at the head of his men upon the brow of the hill until disabled by a wound. He, however, continued on the field during the day, doing his duty nobly. Captain McCrea, with his men, held a small breastwork, and did fearful execution upon the enemy. Captain Dille was active in rallying the men and urging on the fight in all parts of the field. Captain Hendricks, with coolness and courage, kept his men to their places, and fought without slackening his fire during the engagement. I cannot omit mentioning the bold and active Adjutant Durham, who was wherever duty called him. Lieutenants Maze and Scott were marked for their heroic bearing.

About the close of the engagement four companies of the Seventeenth Ohio, Colonel Council, came upon the hill and formed in line of battle. Company E, Captain Fox; Company C, Captain Haines; Company K, {p.209} Captain Rea, and Company H. Captain Whissen, took their positions with promptness, eager for the fray, under the command of Maj. Durbin Ward, of that regiment. They remained on the field during the day and night, and assisted in completing the fortifications. About 2 o’clock p.m. we were again attacked. At this time the Fourteenth Ohio, Colonel Steedman, appeared upon the field. Company C, Capt. J. W. Brown, of the Fourteenth, immediately formed and opened upon the enemy, and this company, with others, also assisted in completing the fortifications. Afterwards Company G, Captain Eckles, and Company B, Captain Kirk, of the same regiment, came to our assistance. At 10 o’clock at night Lieutenant Sypher, of Captain Standart’s Ohio battery, came on the hill, and on an alarm fired three rounds. They were the last shots fired. At about 2 o’clock in the morning we heard sounds which betokened a movement of General Zollicoffer’s army. It proved to be a retreat. From a prisoner I have ascertained that his command consisted of two Tennessee regiments, two Mississippi and two Alabama regiments, together with a regiment of cavalry and a battery of six pieces of artillery. The number of our loss is as follows: Company D, 1 killed and 5 wounded; Company I, 1 killed and 10 wounded, 3 mortally. Colonel Wolford lost 1 killed and 11 wounded. The forces now on the hill are in good spirits and ready for further service.

In conclusion, I must commend the coolness, courage, and manliness of Colonel Wolford, who rendered most valuable assistance to me during the day.

Yours, truly,

JOHN COBURN, Colonel Thirty-third Regiment Indiana Volunteers.

General A. SCHOEPF, Commanding Brigade.

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No. 4.

Report of General A. S. Johnston, C. S. Army.

BOWLING GREEN, October 21, 1861.

General Zollicoffer telegraphs to-day from London, Ky., as follows:

My force here is about 5,400.

The above is the dispatch from intelligent gentlemen. I learned the day before yesterday that 6,000 men at Camp Dick Robinson had an advanced force of 4,000 towards Cumberland Gap under Garrard and from the camp stretching back to Cincinnati 10,000 more. I have no means of adding to Zollicoffer’s force at present, important as I think it.

A. S. JOHNSTON, General.

S. COOPER, Adjutant-General.

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No. 5.

Reports of Brigadier-General F. K. Zollicoffer, C. S. Army, including operations October 16-26, with correspondence.

CAMP NEAR ROCKCASTLE RIVER, October 20, 1861.

SIR: I have advanced 4 miles north of London, under disability to an embarrassing extent for want of subsistence and transportation. {p.210} The country is very poor indeed. The enemy occupy a strong position 8 miles ahead. We had a skirmish between pickets day before yesterday, in which we killed 1 man and captured another. We lost yesterday 1 man killed. We had a force yesterday 3 or 4 miles ahead, but, for want of water, subsistence, forage, and transportation (our wagons having been by an accident detained at and near London), had to return here to camp.

Very respectfully,

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

Lieut. Col. W. W. MACKALL, Assistant Adjutant-General.

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CAMP FLAT LICK, KNOX COUNTY, October 24, 1861.

On the 21st I reached the enemy’s intrenched camp, on Rockcastle Hills, a natural fortification, almost inaccessible. Having reconnoitered in force under heavy fire for several hours from heights on the might, left, and in front I became satisfied that it could not be carried otherwise than by immense exposure, if at all. The enemy received large re-enforcements.

Our loss was 42 wounded and 11 killed and missing. We captured 21 prisoners, about 100 guns, and 4 horses. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded unknown.

The country is so poor we had exhausted the forage on the road for 15 miles back in twenty-four hours. Our subsistence nearly exhausted.

Under these circumstances I deemed it proper the next day to fall back.

Enemy’s camp said to be 7,000 strong, with large reserves near at hand.

Very respectfully,

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

Lieutenant-Colonel MACKALL, Assistant Adjutant-General, Bowling Green, Ky.

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CAMP AT FLAT LICK, KNOX COUNTY, KENTUCKY, Via Knoxville, October 26, 1861.

On the 21st I reached the enemy’s intrenched camp on Rockcastle Hills, a natural fortification, almost inaccessible. Having reconnoitered it in force under heavy fire for several hours from heights on the right, left, and in front, I became satisfied that it could not be carried otherwise than by immense exposure, if at all. The enemy received large re-enforcements.

Our loss was 42 wounded and 11 killed and missing. We captured 21 prisoners, about 100 guns, and 4 horses. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded unknown.

The country is so poor we had exhausted the forage along the road for 15 miles back in twenty-four hours. Our subsistence nearly exhausted. Under these circumstances I deemed it proper the next day to fall back. Enemy’s camp said to be 7,000 strong, with large reserves near at hand.

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER.

Adjutant General COOPER.

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BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS, Camp Buckner, October 26, 1861.

SIR: I have information that the enemy were nine regiments at Rockcastle Hills. They are thought to have large re-enforcements close at hand. The country is very poor generally between here and there, particularly beyond London. I learn that some signs of trouble are again arising in East Tennessee, as the impression increases that the enemy is soon to advance in force. The new levies I learn come in slowly. Could General William R. Caswell, who recently resigned when the Tennessee regiments were transferred, have a commission it would greatly promote the public interest. He has been very efficient in advising me to dispose matters properly in East Tennessee since I have been in Kentucky. He is a true gentleman, of high courage, sound sense, exemplary habits, and of popularity worth much in the present condition of affairs in East Tennessee.

The Log Mountains, between here and Cumberland Gap, will soon, I learn, become almost impassable. The road is now very bad. There is reason to suppose the enemy may advance by way of Jamestown, 120 miles below here, instead of by this route. I have seven cavalry companies watching that route; no infantry or artillery, two regiments there having been ordered away by General Johnston. If I get news of their approach in that direction I will proceed as rapidly as possible to meet them, and have already collected some stock of commissary stores in that neighborhood.

Very respectfully,

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier. General.

Adjt. Gen. S. COOPER, Richmond, Va.

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CAMP BUCKNER, October 26, 1861.

I have fallen back to this position. I am reliably informed that there were nine regiments of the enemy at Rockcastle Hills on the 21st. Uncertain news that they were to camp at Laurel Bridge last night. Think there is danger they may advance by Jamestown, 120 miles from here. I have seven cavalry companies there; no infantry or artillery, Stanton and Murray being removed. Colonel Churchwell, at the gap, reports three 8-inch howitzers in position, but that the ordnance stores sent with them are totally insufficient, the shells not filled, &c. I fear we have no powder to fill them. Two Parrott guns have reached Knoxville and are ordered on. We much need an ordnance and competent engineer officer.

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

Lieutenant-Colonel MACKALL.

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BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS, Camp Tem Mile, October 16, 1861.

General W. R. CASWELL, or Col. W. B. WOOD, Knoxville, Tenn.:

Being much embarrassed for want of transportation in some of the regiments and battalions, we made a march of only 10 miles to-day. Letters from Colonel Stanton and Major Bridgman, dated 11th and 12th, received this evening. They both think the enemy has retired from {p.212} Albany towards Columbia or Camp Dick Robinson. My plan to get behind them and cut them off may be defeated; but Stanton’s regiment has now left for Bowling Green, and Bridgman returned to Post Oak Springs. What has become of the two companies of Colonel Brazelton’s battalion or of Captain Bledsoe’s company neither explains. Perhaps the latter is with Colonel Murray’s regiment at Camp Myers, in Overton County. This retiring of our forces may induce the Lincoln forces to return again. I wish the subsistence supply mentioned heretofore taken to Jamestown by the 25th instant; and you will order those cavalry companies to rendezvous in that neighborhood at the same time, that the subsistence stores may not be exposed. I must ask you to transmit from Knoxville the necessary orders to insure this and the inclosed letter to Colonel Murray.

Very respectfully,

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

[Inclosure.]

BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS, Camp Ten Mile, Ky., October 16, 1861.

Colonel MURRAY, Camp Myers:

SIR: I am 10 miles on the march toward a camp of the enemy on Rockcastle River, having left Cumberland Ford this evening with the greater part of my command. I learned that the enemy at Albany has retired. My plan has been to fall in their rear and cut them off. Now that Colonel Stanton and our cavalry have left the neighborhood of Jamestown, the enemy may return in force near the line. I have ordered stores of subsistence for my troops to be placed at Jamestown by the 25th instant, and have ordered the same cavalry companies to return to that neighborhood almost the same time, to prevent the enemy from seizing and appropriating the stores. Perhaps the cavalry from above would not be sufficient to prevent an incursion. I expect to pass down by Somerset and Monticello or by Columbia and Burkesville, in the hope of capturing any forces they may be threatening your position with. As secrecy is the element of success, I must beg of you not to mention to any solitary person this enterprise. My object in writing to you is to ask you, about the 25th, to move in such a way as to insure, by the aid of the cavalry, the safety of the stores, until I can reach the neighborhood. Inform General Caswell at Knoxville what you can do, and he will communicate with me.

Very respectfully,

F. K. ZOLLICOFFER, Brigadier-General.

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BOWLING GREEN, October 21, 1861.

General ZOLLICOFFER:

GENERAL: Your telegram from London received. The information we have of the enemy in your front is this: 10,000 at Camp Dick Robinson; of these 4,000 are in advance towards Cumberland Gap, but how far is not known; it is commanded by Garrard; and 10,000 dotted from Robinson to Cincinnati. General Polk ordered 2 howitzers, 1 Parrott, and 3 iron guns to be shipped for you to Knoxville October 15. A company to man this battery will be sent in a few days.

W. W. MACKALL, Assistant Adjutant-General.

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CAMP RED SULPHUR, October 22, 1861.

General F. K. ZOLLICOFFER:

DEAR SIR: I am in receipt of yours of 16th instant. I am much pleased to learn that you are moving in direction of the interior of Kentucky. We are to-day within 32 miles of Burkesville; will reach and capture the Federal